Skip to main content Skip to navigation
Linda Chalker-Scott Literature on Bacillus thuringiensis

Literature on Bacillus thuringiensis

Compiled by Dr. Linda Chalker-Scott, Ph.D.
Associate Professor and Extension Urban Horticulturist, WSU Puyallup Research and Extension Center

Useful Websites

General Scientific References

  • Anonymous. 1999. Microbial pest control agent: Bacillus thuringiensis. Environmental Health Criteria Monograph 217.
  • Battu, G.S., G.S. Dhaliwal and R. Arora. 1994. Microbial pesticides in integrated pest management: Problems and perspectives. Indian Journal of Ecology 21(2): 122-133.
  • Hickle, L.A. and W.L. Fitch (eds.). 1990. Analytical Chemistry of Bacillus thuringiensis . ACS Symposium Series (432): ix + 148 pp.
  • Khetan, S.K. 2001. Microbial Pest Control. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York. 300 pp.
  • Krieg, A. 1986. Bacillus thuringiensis , a microbial insecticide. Principles and application. [ Bacillus thuringiensis, ein mikrobielles Insektizid. Grundlagen und Anwendung.] Acta Phytomedica 10:1-191.
  • Metz, M. 2003. Bacillus thuringiensis : A Cornerstone of Modern Agriculture. Food Products Press, Binghamton, USA .
  • van der Laan, P.A. (ed.). 1967. Insect Pathology and Microbial Control. Wageningen, The Netherlands.

Scientitifc Publications (Externally Reviewed)

  • Albert, R. 2001. The use of the pheromone mating disruption method against fruit moths in private allotments. Bulletin OILB/SROP 24(2): 31-35.
  • Angeli, G., D. Forti and C. Cappelletti. 1998. Side effects on Orius of some pesticides used on garden flowers. [Selettivita verso Orius di dieci fitofarmaci.] Colture Protette 27(1): 73-77.
  • Anonymous. 1985. Pesticides for individual orchards and kitchen gardens. Zashchita Rastenii 4: 52-53.
  • Anonymous. 1981. Mammalian safety of microbial agents for vector control: a WHO Memorandum. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 59(6): 857-863.
  • Anonymous. 1981. The least injurious preparations in individual orchards and vegetable gardens. Zashchita Rastenii 4: 52-53.
  • Anonymous. 1965. Biological control. La lutte biologique. Rapp gen Table ronde Deleg gen Rech sci tech 119.
  • Apostolov, V.I. 1990. The olive moth. Zashchita Rastenii (7): 27.
  • Arshad, A., M.A. Chowdhury, A.F.M. Aslam, M. Ameen, M.I. Hossain and D.B. Habiba. 2000. Field trials with Bacillus sphaericus and Bacillus thuringiensis serovar israelensis commercial formulations against Culex quinquefasciatus larvae in suburban Dhaka, Bangladesh. Medical Entomology and Zoology 51(4): 257-264.
  • Audemard, H. and Y. Lespinasse. 1987. Application of supervised control to the protection of apple orchards. [L’application de la lutte raisonnee a la protection du verger de pommiers.] Comptes Rendus de l’ Academie d’ Agriculture de France 73(5): 29-39.
  • Battisti, A. 2004. Current trends of forest protection from insect pests in Italy. [Orientamenti attuali nella difesa del bosco dagli insetti in Italia.] Informatore Fitopatologico 54(10): 6-12.
  • Baumgart, M., K. vom Brocke and M.H. Crow. 1997. Control of the Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say) in organic gardening systems with Bacillus thuringiensis var. san diego (M-One) and new products from the neem tree (NeemAzal-F and AlignTM), pp. 67-73. In: H. Kleeberg and C.P.W. Zebitz (eds.), Practice-Oriented Results on Use and Production of Neem Ingredients and Pheromones. Wetzlar, Germany.
  • Becker, N. 2002. Sterilization of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis products by gamma radiation. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 18(1): 57-62.
  • Becker, N. 1998a. Biorational control of nuisance and vector mosquitoes with special emphasis on community participation. Wiadomosci Parazytologiczne 44(4): 759.
  • Becker, N. 1998b. The use of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (Bti) against mosquitoes, with special emphasis on the ecological impact. Israel Journal of Entomology 32: 63-69.
  • Becker, N. 1992. Community participation in the operational use of microbial control agents in mosquito control programs. Bulletin of the Society for Vector Ecology 114-118.
  • Becker, N. and B.Z. Xu. 1990. Microbial control of mosquitoes in West Germany and the Hubei Province of the People’s Republic of China. Israel Journal of Entomology 23: 39-44.
  • Bentley, W., S. Steffan, S. Johnson and G. van Sickle. 2004. Integrated pest management of arthropod pests in stone fruits. Bulletin OILB/SROP 27(8): 45-48.
  • Besnard, Y. and M. Boudet. 2004. Bacillus thuringiensis sp. aizawai ? Insecticide against grape berry moths and noctuids. [Le Bacillus thuringiensis sp. aizawai ? Insecticide contre les tordeuses et les chenilles defoliatrices.] Phytoma 575: 46-47.
  • Bixby, A., S.R. Alm, K. Power, P. Grewal and S.R. Swier. 2007. Susceptibility of four species of turfgrass-infesting scarabs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) to Bacillus thuringiensis serovar japonensis strain Buibui. Journal of Economic Entomology, 100 (5): p. 1604-1610.
  • Bolay, F.K. and M. Trpis. 1990. Control of mosquitoes with Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis and larvivorous fish, Tilapia nilotica, in rice fields in Liberia, West Africa. Israel Journal of Entomology 23: 77-82.
  • Bordas, E., R. Gabarra, O. Alomar and C. Castane. 1985. Integrated control in market-gardens in Catalonia: present and future. [La lutte integree dans les cultures maraicheres en Catalogne: present et futur.] Bulletin SROP 8(1): 1-9.
  • Brar, S.K., M. Verma, R.D. Tyagi and J.R. Valero. 2006. Recent advances in downstream processing and formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis based biopesticides. Process Biochemistry 41(2): 323-342.
  • Brookes, M.H., R.W. Stark and R.W. Campbell. 1978. The Douglas-fir tussock moth [ Orgyia pseudotsugata ]: a synthesis. US Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin, 1585. 331 pp.
  • Brown, M.D. , T.M. Watson, S. Green, J.G. Greenwood, D. Purdie and B.H. Kay. 2000. Toxicity of insecticides for control of freshwater Culex annulirostris (Diptera: Culicidae) to the nontarget shrimp, Caradina indistincta (Decapoda: Atyidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 93(3): 667-672.
  • Burges, H.D. and N.W. Hussey. 1971. Microbial Control of Insects and Mites. Academic Press, London & New York.
  • Carlson, D.B., P.D. O’Bryan and J.R. Rey. 1999. Florida ‘s salt-marsh management issues: 1991-98. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 15(2): 186-193.
  • Casida, J.E. and G.B. Quistad. 2004. Why insecticides are more toxic to insects than people: the unique toxicology of insects. Journal of Pesticide Science 29(2): 81-86.
  • Charles, J.G., E. Collyer and V. White. 1985. Integrated control of Tetranychus urticae with Phytoseiulus persimilis and Stethorus bifidus in commercial raspberry gardens. New Zealand Journal of Experimental Agriculture 13(4): 385-393.
  • Choi, Y.C., J.O. Lee and Y.K. Kim. 1997. Present and future of microbial pesticides. Korean Journal of Weed Science 17(1): 112-123.
  • Chowanadisai, L. 1998. Factors influencing the larvicidal activity of bacterial toxin. Indian Journal of Malariology 35(2): 117-122.
  • Cranshaw, W.S., S.J. Day, T.J. Gritzmacher and R.J. Zimmerman. 1989. Field and laboratory evaluations of Bacillus thuringiensis strains for control of elm leaf beetle. Journal of Arboriculture 15(2): 31-34.
  • Culbert, D.F. 1994. An IPM approach for the control of Atala ( Eumaeus atala ) on Florida coonties ( Zamia floridana). Proceedings of the Florida State Horticultural Society 107: 427-430.
  • dalla Monta, L. 1983. The pine processionary in urban areas [La processionaria del pino nell’ambiente urbano], pp. 60-64. In: P. Giulini (ed.), L’ Albero, l’ Uomo, la Citta Atti del 2o Convegno Nazionale Tenuto a Padova.
  • Das, P.K. and D.D. Amalraj. 1997. Biological control of malaria vectors. Indian Journal of Medical Research 106: 174-197.
  • Davidson, N.A., M.G. Kinsey, L.E. Ehler and G.W. Frankie. 1992. Tobacco budworm, pest of petunias, can be managed with Bt. California Agriculture 46(4): 7-9.
  • de Barjac, H., C. Moulinier, B. Couprie, G. Giap, L. Babin and J.P. Mas. 1980. Evaluation of the larvicidal activity of Bacillus thuringiensis serotype H14 against Culicidae in natural breeding places. [Evaluation en gites naturels de l’activite larvicide du serotype H14 de Bacillus thuringiensis sur les culicides.] Bulletin de la Societe de Pathologie Exotique 73(3): 315-321.
  • de Giovanni, G., G. Oliva and A. Montermini. 1986. Defence strategy against the American Hyphantria. [Strategie di difesa dall’ifantria americana.] Informatore Fitopatologico 36(2): 11-15.
  • Ding, X.Z. and L.Q. Xia. 2001. Selection of a high toxic insecticide strain 4.0718 of Bacillus thuringiensis. Chinese Journal of Biological Control 17(4): 163-166.
  • Ebsworth, P. 1989. Community participation in malaria mosquito control in the Solomon Islands , pp. 229-239. In: M.F. Uren, J. Blok and L.H. Manderson (eds.), Arbovirus Research in Australia, Proceedings Fifth Symposium, Brisbane, Australia.
  • Ecobichon, D.J. 1990. Chemical management of forest pest epidemics: a case study. Biomedical and Environmental Sciences 3(2): 217-239.
  • El-Bendary, M.A. 2006. Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus sphaericus biopesticides production. Journal of Basic Microbiology 46(2): 158-170.
  • Epstein, L., S. Bassein, F.G. Zalom and L.R. Wilhoit. 2001. Changes in pest management practice in almond orchards during the rainy season in California, USA. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 83(1/2): 111-120.
  • Favre, C.L., J.L. Sherald and N.F. Schneeberger. 1993. Gypsy moth management in Rock Creek Park, Washington, D.C. Journal of Arboriculture 19(3): 160-167.
  • Federici, B.A. 2005. Insecticidal bacteria: an overwhelming success for invertebrate pathology. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 89(1): 30-38.
  • Federici, B.A. 2003. Effects of Bt on non-target organisms. Journal of New Seeds 5(1): 11-30.
  • Fiedler, O.G.H. 1965. Notes on the susceptibility of millipedes (Diplopoda) to insecticides. Journal of the Entomological Society of South Africa 27(2): 219-225.
  • Floore, T.G., J.C. Dukes, M.J. Greer and J.S. Coughlin. 1992. BONIDE – A surface oil film larvicide: laboratory and small plot efficacy studies against Aedes taeniorhynchus, Culex quinquefasciatus and Culex nigripalpus mosquito larvae. Journal of the Florida Mosquito Control Association 63(2): 63-67.
  • Forcada, C., E. Alcacer, M.D. Garcera and R. Martinez. 1996. Differences in the midgut proteolytic activity of two Heliothis virescens strains, one susceptible and one resistant to Bacillus thuringiensis toxins. Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 31(3): 257-272.
  • Forrester, N.W. 1994. Use of Bacillus thuringiensis in integrated control, especially on cotton pests. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 49(1): 77-83.
  • Foschi, S. and K.V. Deseo. 1987. Prospects of microbiological control of phytophagous pests in flowering and ornamental crops in a protected environment. [Prospettive di lotta microbiologica contro i fitogfagi nelle colture floricole e ornamentali in ambiente protetto.] Difesa delle Piante 10(1): 121-125.
  • Freuler, J., G. Blandenier and H. Meyer and P. Pignon. 2003. Effects of chemical control programs against cabbage pests on ground dwelling fauna. Bulletin OILB/SROP 26(3): 371.
  • Gardener, W.A. 1988. Enhanced activity of selected combinations of Bacillus thuringiensis and beta-exotoxin against fall armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae. Journal of Economic Entomology 81(2): 463-469.
  • Gaugler, R. and J.R. Finney. 1982. A review of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (serotype 14) as a biological control agent of black flies (Simuliidae). Miscellaneous Publications of the Entomological Society of America 12(4): 1-17.
  • Gelernter, W.D. and J.T. Trumble. 1999. Factors in the success and failure of microbial insecticides in vegetable crops. Integrated Pest Management Reviews 4(4): 301-306.
  • Ghosh, S.K., N. Laskar and S.K. Senapati. 2005. Seasonal fluctuations in the population of Thrips tabaci Lindl. in the tarai region of West Bengal and its control on brinjal. Pest Management and Economic Zoology 13(2): 185-190.
  • Gough, J.M., D.H. Kemp, R.J. Akhurst, R.D. Pearson and K. Kongsuwan. 2005. Identification and characterization of proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis with high toxic activity against the sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 90(1): 39-46.
  • Grison, P. 1961. Methods of microbiological control of the pine processionary, T. pityocampa.
    [Les methodes de lutte microbiologique contre la procession-naire du pin, Thaumetopoea pityocampa Schiff.] Phytiat Phytopharm 10(4): 205-210.
  • Gupta, G.P., K.N. Katiyar and K. Sharma. 1999. Neem in the management strategies of insect pest of cotton, pp. 177-189. In: R.P. Singh and R.C. Saxena (eds), Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Science Publishers, Inc., Enfield , USA .
  • Halperin, J. 1963. Control of pine processionary caterpillars (T. wilkinsoni ) in Israel. [Controle des chenilles processipnnaires du pin (Thaumetopoea wilkinsoni Tams.) en Israel.] Review of Zoological Agriculture 62(10-12): 93-96.
  • Hanowski, J.M., G.J. Niemi, A.R. Lima and R.R. Regal. 1997. Do mosquito control treatments of wetlands affect red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus ) growth, reproduction, or behaviour? Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 16(5): 1014-1019.
  • Hansen, B.M. and N.B. Hendriksen. 1998. Bacillus thuringiensis and B. cereus toxins. Bulletin OILB/SROP 21(4): 221-224.
  • Hasey, J. and W. Bentley. 2002. Year one of the Stone Fruit Pest Management Alliance. Acta Horticulturae (592): 669-674.
  • Hershey, A.E., A.R. Lima, G.J. Niemi and R.R. Regal. 1998. Effects of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti) and methoprene on nontarget macroinvertebrates in Minnesota wetlands. Ecological Applications 8(1): 41-60.
  • Hirak, C. 2005. Pathogenicity of some microbial insecticides against non-target beneficial fauna. Journal of Plant Protection and Environment 2(2): 35-39.
  • Ignoffo, C.M. 1980. Entomopathogens for control of insect pests of soybeans, pp. 327-341 In: F.T. Corbin (ed.), World Soybean Research Conference II: Proceedings. Westview Press Inc., Boulder, Colorado, USA.
  • Jambulingam, P., K.M. Kuriakose, K. Gunasekaran and A.J. Manonmani. 1984. Field efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis H-14 formulations against mosquito larvae in casuarina & coconut garden pits. Indian Journal of Medical Research 80(July): 81-89.
  • Jensen, G.B., P. Larsen, B.L. Jacobsen, B. Madsen, L. Smidt and L. Andrup. 2002. Bacillus thuringiensis in fecal samples from greenhouse workers after exposure to B.thuringiensis-based pesticides. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68(10): 4900-4905.
  • Johnson, K.S., J.M. Scriber, J.K. Nitao and D.R. Smitley. 1995. Toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki to three nontarget Lepidoptera in field studies. Environmental Entomology 24(2): 288-297.
  • Jones, V.P., M.P. Parrella and D.R. Hodel. 1986. Biological control of leafminers in greenhouse chrysanthemums. California Agriculture 40(1-2): 10-12.
  • Kearby, W.H., D.L. Hostetter and C.M. Ignoffo. 1972. Laboratory and field evaluation of Bacillus thuringiensis for control of the bagworm. Journal of Economic Entomology 65(2): 477-480.
  • Khrameeva, A.V. 1972. The Riga bacterial strain of the Bacillus thuringiensis sporuliferous bacterial group, pp. 167-182. In: Y.P. Tsinovskii (ed.), The Pathology of Insects and Mites [Patalogiya nasekomykh I kleshchei].
  • Khryanina, R.A. 1984. Microbiological preparations. Zashchita Rasteni 8: 51.
  • Kishore, P. 2000. Eco-friendly viable options for formulating management strategy for insect pests of sorghum and pearl millet. Journal of Entomological Research 24(1): 63-72.
  • Kolodny-Hirsch, D.M., T. Sitchawat, T. Jansiri, A. Chenrchaivachirakul and U. Ketunuti. 1997. Field evaluation of a commercial formulation of the Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) nuclear polyhedrosis virus for control of beet armyworm on vegetable crops in Thailand. Biocontrol Science and Technology 7(4): 475-488.
  • Kough, J. 2003. The safety of Bacillus thuringiensis for human consumption. Journal of New Seeds 5(1): 1-10.
  • Kreutzweiser, D.P., J.L. Gringorten, D.R. Thomas and J.T. Butcher. 1996. Functional effects of the bacterial insecticide Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki on aquatic microbial communities. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 33(3): 271-280.
  • Kreutzweiser, D.P., S.B. Holmes, S.S. Capell and D.C. Eichenberg. 1992. Lethal and sublethal effects of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki on aquatic insects in laboratory bioassays and outdoor stream channels. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 49(2): 252-258.
  • Kurstak, E. 1982. Microbial and Viral Pesticides. Marcel Dekker, New York . 720 pp.
  • Lacey , L.A. 2007. Bacillus thuringiensis serovariety israelensis and Bacillus sphaericus for mosquito control. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 23 (2S): 133-163.
  • Lacey, L.A. and C.M. Lacey. 1990. The medical importance of riceland mosquitoes and their control using alternatives to chemical insecticides. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 6 (S2): 1-93.
  • Laird, M. 1980. Biocontrol in veterinary entomology. Advances in Veterinary Science and Comparative Medicine 24: 145-177.
  • Lee, D.H., J. Machii and M. Ohba. 2002. High frequency of Bacillus thuringiensis in feces of herbivorous animals maintained in a zoological garden in Japan. Applied Entomology and Zoology 37(4): 509-516.
  • Levot, G.W. 1995. Resistance and the control of sheep ectoparasites. International Journal for Parasitology 25(11): 1355-1362.
  • Lipa, J.J. 1992. Implications of biological pest and parasite control for the environment. [Biologiczne zwalczanie pasozytow i szkodnikow a srodowisko.] Wiadomosci Parazytologiczne 37(4): 461-470.
  • Lipa, J.J. 1976. Achievements in biological control in Poland during 1945-1975 and prospects for the future. [Osiagniecia biologicznego zwalczania szkodnikow w Polsce w latach 1945-1975 i perspektywy na przyszlosc.] Biuletyn Instytutu Ochrony Roslin 59: 39-54.
  • Liu, S.G., Z.R. Yang, T.Q. Wu, Z.G. Wang and S. Zhou. 1993. The production and application in large areas of GrNPV pesticide. Acta Prataculturae Sinica 2(4): 47-50.
  • Lonc, E., M. Mazurkiewicz, W. Doroszkiewicz, A. Kopa and M. Manka. 2001. Microbial control of coleopteran larvae of Alphitobius diaperinus and Tenebrio molitor – grain pests. [Mikrobiologiczne zwalczanie larw chrzaszczy Alphitobius diaperinus i Tenebrio molitor – szkodnikow paszy.] Medycyna Weterynaryjna 57(4): 258-262.
  • Lopez-Lopez, E.V., N. Chavarria-Hernandez, P. Fernandez-Sumano and M. de la Torre. 2000. Fermentation processes for bioinsecticide production. An overview. Recent Research Developments in Biotechnology and Bioengineering 3: 1-20.
  • Mahieu, N. and D. Grill. 1973. The protection of market-garden crops in the Nantes region. [La protection des cultures maraicheres dans la region nantaise.] Phytoma 25(249): 17-25.
  • Manceva, S.D. , M. Pusztai-Carey, P.S. Russo and P. Butko. 2005. A detergent-like mechanism of action of the cytolytic toxin Cyt1A from Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis. Biochemistry Washington 44(2): 589-597.
  • Mandal, S.K., A. Bhattacharyya and S. Panja. 2006. Management of pests of taro, Colocasia esculenta L. (Araceae), in West Bengal. Journal of Interacademicia 10(1): 65-73.
  • Mani, M., A. Krishnamoorthy and C. Gopalakrishnan. 2005. Biological control of lepidopterous pests of horticultural crops in India – a review. Agricultural Reviews 26(1): 39-49.
  • Manonmani, A.M. and S.L. Hoti. 1995. Field efficacy of indigenous strains of Bacillus thuringiensis H-14 and Bacillus sphaericus H-5a5b against Anopheles subpictus larvae. Tropical Biomedicine 12(2): 141-146.
  • Manonmani, A.M., S.L. Hoti and K. Balaraman. 1987. Isolation of mosquito pathogenic Bacillus thuringiensis strains from mosquito breeding habitats in Tamil Nadu. Indian Journal of Medical Research 86(October): 462-468.
  • Maramorosch, K. 1991. Biotechnology for Biological Control of Pests and Vectors. CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton , FL. 278 pp.
  • Marrone, P.G. 1994. Present and future use of Bacillus thuringiensis in integrated pest management systems: an industrial perspective. Biocontrol Science and Technology 4(4): 517-526.
  • Martouret, D. 1975. Remarks on the titre of commercial formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis . [Remarques sur le titre des formules commerciales a base de Bacillus thuringiensis.] Entomophaga 20(1): 3-9.
  • McClintock, J.T., C.R. Schaffer and R.D. Sjoblad. 1995. A comparative review of the mammalian toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis-based pesticides. Pesticide Science 45(2): 95-105.
  • Meadows, M.P. 1993. Bacillus thuringiensis in the environment: ecology and risk assessment, pp. 193-220. In : P.F. Entwistle, J.S. Cory, M.J. Bailey and S. Higgs (eds.), Bacillus thuringiensis, an Environmental Biopesticide: Theory and Practice. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK .
  • Mita, S., R.C. Sharma and R.K. Jauhari. 2005. Distribution and toxicity of larvicidal bacilli ( Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus sphaericus) in water samples collected from different mosquito habitats of Garhwal Himalaya. Journal of Parasitology and Applied Animal Biology 14(1/2): 1-8.
  • Montermini, A. and G. Oliva. 1984. Let us learn to know the fall webworm. [Impariamo a conoscere l’ifantria americana.] Informatore Fitopatologico 34(1): 35-40.
  • Moore, R.E.B. 1982. Four registered pesticides effective against gypsy moth. Frontiers of Plant Science 34(2): 6.
  • Moreau, T.L., P.R. Warman and J. Hoyle. 2006. An evaluation of companion planting and botanical extracts as alternative pest controls for the Colorado potato beetle. Biological Agriculture and Horticulture 23(4): 351-370.
  • Morris, O.N. 1980. Report of the 1979 CANUSA cooperative Bacillus thuringiensis B.T. spray trials.
    Canadian Forestry Service Report FPM-X-40. 86 pp.
  • Mukiama, T.K. and J.H.P. Kahindi. 1990. Potential of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis for mosquito malaria vector control in Kenya. Israel Journal of Entomology 23: 69-76.
  • Narsaiah, J. and K. Jamil. 1986. Preliminary studies on biological control of mosquito larvae using Bacillus thuringiensis and B. sphaericus. Entomon 11(3): 187-192.
  • Nathan, S.S., K. Kandaswamy and M. Kadarkarai. 2006. Effect of biopesticides on the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) of the rice leaffolder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenee) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 65(1): 102-107.
  • Nathan, S.S., P.G. Chung and K. Murugan. 2004. Effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins on the gut enzyme of the rice leaffolder Cnaphalocrocis medinalis. Phytoparasitica 32(5): 433-443.
  • Niemczyk, E. 1980. Applying bacterial preparations against orchard pests, pp. 416-419. In: K. Russ and H. Berger (eds.), Proceedings of the International Organization for Biological Control of Noxious Animals and Plants, West Palearctic Regional Section.
  • Niemi, G.J., A.E. Hershey, L. Shannon, J.M. Hanowski, A. Lima, R.P Axler, R.P. and R.R. Regal. 1999. Ecological effects of mosquito control on zooplankton, insects, and birds. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 18 3: p. 549-559.
  • Ouzounis, K. and A. Samanidou-Voyadjoglou. 1993. Preliminary research on Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis use for mosquito control in northeast Greece. Bulletin of the Society for Vector Ecology 18(2): 147-151.
  • Owusu-Ansah, F., K. Afreh-Nuamah, D. Obeng-Ofori and K.G. Ofosu-Budu. 2001. Managing infestation levels of major insect pests of garden eggs (Solanum integrifolium L.) with aqueous neem seed extracts. Journal of the Ghana Science Association 3(3): 70-84.
  • Pantuwatana, S. 1990. The prospect of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis and Bacillus sphaericus in mosquito control in Thailand. Israel Journal of Entomology 23: 51-57.
  • Pinnock, D.E., J.E. Milstead, N.F. Coe and R.J. Brand. 1974. The effectiveness of Bacillus thuringiensis formulations for the control of larvae of Schizura concinna on Cercis occidentalis trees in California. Entomophaga 19(3): 221-227.
  • Pinnock, D.E., K.S. Hagen, D.V. Cassidy, R.J. Brand, J.E. Milstead and R.L. Tasson. 1978. Integrated pest management in highway landscapes. California Agriculture 32(2): 33-34.
  • Porter, A.G. 1996. Mosquitocidal toxins, genes and bacteria: the hit squad. Parasitology Today 12(5): 175-179.
  • Prischepa, L. and H. Yankovskaya. 2002. Microbial control of greenhouse pests in Belarus. Bulletin OILB/SROP 25(1): 217-220.
  • Radwan, S.M.E., F.F. Shalaby, E.H. Abd-El-Karim and E.S. Mansour. 2004. The simultaneous effect of certain recommended insecticides and selective biocides on the changes in the population density of cotton leafworm and its related bioagents inhabiting cotton fields. Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Research 82(3): 1139-1153.
  • Rao, D.V.S., A. Gangadhar, G.V. Subbaratnam and C.P.C. Kumar. 2001. Management of the stem borer, Azygophleps scalaris (F.) (Lepidoptera: Cossidae) on sesbania prop crop in betelvine gardens. Pest Management and Economic Zoology 9(1): 11-17.
  • Rao, N.B.V.C., V.S. Singh and C. Subash. 2006. Studies on safety of insecticides to some natural enemies in rice ecosystem. Journal of Plant Protection and Environment. 3(1): 21-26.
  • Regniere, J. and B. Cooke. 1998. Validation of a process-oriented model of Bacillus thuringiensis variety kurstaki efficacy against spruce budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Environmental Entomology 27(4): 801-811.
  • Reitz, S.R., G.S. Kund, W.G. Carson, P.A. Phillips and J.T. Trumble. 1999. Economics of reducing insecticide use on celery through low-input pest management strategies. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 73(3): 185-197.
  • Riou, G. and E. Barthaburu. 2003. Use of Dipel DF as an IPM method against tomato fruit moths. [Utilisation du DIPEL DF comme moyen de lutte integree contre les noctuelles de la tomate], pp. 181-184. In: L. Roche, M. Edin, V. Mathieu and F. Laurens (eds.), Colloque International Tomate sous abri, Protection Integree Agriculture Biologique. Centre Technique Interprofessionnel des Fruits et Legumes, Paris, France.
  • Roberts, G.M. 1990. The combination of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis with a monomolecular film. Israel Journal of Entomology 23: 95-97.
  • Rojas, P.S. 1965. Identifications of ento-mophagous insects. Identificaciones de insectos entomofagos. Agricultura Tec 25(1): 39-40.
  • Roman, T., E. Bratu, G. Negru, A. Szabo, M. Tudose, L. Glavan and M. Calin. 1998. New pesticides used to control some pests of vegetable crops. [Noi pesticide utilizate in combaterea unor daunatori la culturile de legume.] Anale Institutul de Cercetari pentru Legumicultura si Floricultura, Vidra 15: 205-214.
  • Ruiz, S. and F. Caceres. 2004. Technical basis for the control of Culicidae mosquitoes in rice fields in the district of La Janda, Cadiz (SW Spain ). [Bases tecnicas para el control de mosquitos culicidos en los arrozales de la Comarca de La Janda, Cadiz (SW Espana ).] Boletin de Sanidad Vegetal, Plagas 30(4): 753-762.
  • Sarfraz, M. 2004. Interaction between diamondback moth and Bacillus thuringiensis. Outlooks on Pest Management 15(4): 167-171.
  • Saxena, N., V. Bihari and S.K. Basu. 1994. Sustained release floating bead formulation of Bacillus sphaericus 1593 and Bacillus thuringiensis H-14 for controlling mosquitoes including disease vectors. Pesticide Research Journal 6(1): 37-43.
  • Schmidt, R.F. 1984. Field evaluation of Teknar granular larvicide in Middlesex Co., N.J., pp. 47-48. In: R.F. Schmidt (ed.), Proceedings, Seventy First Annual Meeting, New Jersey Mosquito Control Association, Inc., Atlantic City, New Jersey 47-48.
  • Schuster, D.J. 1977. Effect of tomato cultivars on insect damage and chemical control. Florida Entomologist 60(3): 227-232.
  • Sechser, B. 1992. From calendar spraying to integrated production – tendencies in modern plant protection. [Vom Kalenderspritzen zur Integriertern Produktion – Tendenzen im Modernen Pflanzenschutz.] Mitteilungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft fur Allgemeine und Angewandte Entomologie 8(1-3): 63-69.
  • Semetulskis, D. 1970. The possibilities of employing the integrated method for the control of leaf-eating pests of orchards and gardens in the Republic [of Lithuania ]. [Integruotojo kovos su lapus grauzianciais kenkejais metodo panaudojimo respublikos soduose ir darzuose galimybes.] Acta Entomologica Lituanica 1: 185-188.
  • Sharma, S.N., R.P. Shukla, P.K. Mittal, T. Adak and A. Kumar. 2003. Efficacy of a new formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis var israelensis (Bti) in laboratory and field conditions of Kumaun foothills of Uttaranchal, India. Journal of Communicable Diseases 35(4): 290-299.
  • Sheeran, W. and S.W. Fisher. 1992. The effects of agitation, sediment, and competition on the persistence and efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti). Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 24(3): 338-346.
  • Shepard, B.M., E.F. Shepard, G.R. Carner, M.D. Hammig, A. Rauf and S.G. Turnipseed. 2001. Integrated Pest Management reduces pesticides and production costs of vegetables and soybean in Indonesia : field studies with local farmers. Journal of Agromedicine 7(3): 31-66.
  • Shternshis, M.V. 2004. Ecologically safe control of insect pests: the past, the present and the future, pp. 187-211. In: R.T. Lartey and A.J. Caesar (eds.), Emerging Concepts in Plant Health Management.
  • Siegel, J.P. and J.A. Shadduck. 1990. Clearance of Bacillus sphaericus and Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. israelensis from mammals. Journal of Economic Entomology 83(2): 347-355.
  • Siegel, J.P., J.A. Shadduck and J. Szabo. 1987. Safety of the entomopathogen Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis for mammals. Journal of Economic Entomology 80(4): 717-723.
  • Sikura, A.I., V.N. Khimerikin, M.V. Chirkov and P.A. Simchuk. 1988. Bacterial preparations against the fall webworm. Zashchita Rastenii Moskva 12: 38-39.
  • Sinadskii, Y.V, V.N. Korchagin and V.A. Efremova. 1979. Towards regulation of the insect fauna. Zashchita Rastenii 2: 36-37.
  • Sinadskii, Y.V. and E.F. Kozarzhevskaya. 1980. Biological protection of flowering and decorative plants. Zashchita Rastenii 10: 21-22.
  • Sinadskii, Y.V., V.F. Kovtunenko and V.P. Malkerov. 1975. An experiment on the protection of oaks from leafrollers. Zashchita Rastenii 1: 39-40.
  • Singer, S. 1980. Bacillus sphaericus for the control of mosquitoes. Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22: 1335-1355.
  • Sjoblad, R.D., J.T. McClintock and R. Engler. 1992. Toxicological considerations for protein components of biological pesticide products. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 15(1): 3-9.
  • Skovmand, O. and A.G. Eriksen. 1993. Field trials of a fizzy tablet with Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis in forest spring ponds in Denmark. Bulletin of the Society for Vector Ecology 18(2): 160-163.
  • Smirnoff, W.A. and J.R. Valero. Preserving Bacillus thuringiensis concentrates and formulations without xylene. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 42(3): 415-417.
  • Smith, R.F. 1973. Considerations on the safety of certain biological agents for arthropod control. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 48(6): 685-698.
  • Sopuck, L., K. Ovaska and B. Whittington. 2002. Responses of songbirds to aerial spraying of the microbial insecticide Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (foray 48BReg.) on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 21(8): 1664-1672.
  • Stern, V.M., D.L. Flaherty and W.L. Peacock. 1980. Control of the grapeleaf skeletonizer. California Agriculture 34(5): 17-19.
  • Stotzky, G. 2000. Persistence and biological activity in soil of insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis and of bacterial DNA bound on clays and humic acids. Journal of Environmental Quality 29(3): 691-705.
  • Straka, T.J., R.L. Ridgway, R.H. Tichenor, Jr., R.L. Hedden and J.A. King. 1997. Cost analysis of a specialized gypsy moth management program for suburban parks. Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 14(1): 32-39.
  • Su, Y.H., H. Qu, V. Vachon, J.C. Luo, J. Zhang, R. Laprade and Y.X. Zhu. 2002. The toxicity test and hypothetical model of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Aa helix 4. Science in China Series C Life Sciences. 45(6): 561-568.
  • Suah, J.R.R. and D.W. Ellis. 1974. Insecticide control of cabbage caterpillars in Jamaica , pp. 263-266. In: C.W.D. Brathwaite, R.H. Phelps and F.D. Bennett (eds.), Crop Protection in the Caribbean, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad.
  • Sun, F.R., H.K. Wang and M. Ji. 1993. Studies on the nuclear polyhedrosis virus disease of Clanis bilineata tsingtauica Mell. Acta Agriculturae Boreali Sinica 8(4): 59-63.
  • Sushil, S.N., M. Mohan, K.S. Hooda, J.C. Bhatt and H.S. Gupta. 2006. Efficacy of safer management tools against major insect pests of tomato and garden pea in northwest Himalayas. Journal of Biological Control 20(2): 113-118.
  • Svestka, M. and J. Vankova. 1978. On the effect of Bacillus thuringiensis combined with a synthetic pyrethroid on Orgyia antiqua L. [Uber die Wirkung von Bacillus thuringiensis kombiniert mit synthetischem Pyrethroid auf Orgyia antiqua L.] Anzeiger fur Schadlingskunde Pflanzenschutz Umweltschutz 51(1): 5-9.
  • Tabashnik, B.E., F.R. Groeters, N. Finson and M.W. Johnson. 1994. Instability of resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis. Biocontrol Science and Technology 4(4): 419-426.
  • Talalaev, E.V. 1962. Infection in larvae of the Siberian Lasiocampid Dendrolimus sibiricus Tshtv. (Lepidoptera, Lasiocampidae), caused by dendrobacillin. Review of Entomology URSS 41(1): 54-64.
  • Talekar, N.S. 1988. Biological control of diamondback moth in farmers’ fields. Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center Publication (87-273): 50-54.
  • Tamez-Guerra, P., M.M. Iracheta, B. Pereyra-Alferez, L.J. Galan-Wong, R. Gomez-Flores, R.S. Tamez-Guerra and C. Rodriguez-Padilla. 2004. Characterization of Mexican Bacillus thuringiensis strains toxic for lepidopteran and coleopteran larvae. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 86(1/2): 7-18.
  • Tapp, H. and G. Stotzky. 1997. Monitoring the insecticidal toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis in soil with flow cytometry. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 43(11): 1074-1078.
  • Tayabali, A.F. and V.L. Seligy. 1997. Cell integrity markers for in vitro evaluation of cytotoxic responses to bacteria-containing commercial insecticides. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 37(2): 152-162.
  • Tayabali, A.F. and V.L. Seligy. 2000. Human cell exposure assays of Bacillus thuringiensis commercial insecticides: production of Bacillus cereus -like cytolytic effects from outgrowth of spores. Environmental Health Perspectives 108(10): 919-930.
  • Toma, L., F. Severini, A. Bella and R. Romi. 2003. A semifield evaluation of VectobacReg. DT (ABG-6499), a new formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis for control of Aedes albopictus. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 19(4): 424-429.
  • Tomalak, M. 2002. Potentiality for wider implementation of biological methods in control of pest insects in urban parks and forests. [Mozliwosci rozszerzenia zakresu stosowania metod biologicznych w zwalczaniu szkodnikow parkow i lasow miejskich.] Progress in Plant Protection 42(1): 53-58.
  • Trumble, J.T., W.G. Carson and K.K. White. 1994. Economic analysis of a Bacillus thuringiensis -based integrated pest-management program in fresh-market tomatoes. Journal of Economic Entomology 87(6): 1463-1469.
  • Undeen, A.H. and D.P. Molloy. 1996. Use of stream width for determining the dosage rates of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis for larval black fly (Diptera: Simuliidae) control. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 12(2, Part 1): 312-315.
  • van der Laan, P.A. and H.J.M. Wassink. 1961. Thirteenth international symposium on phytopharmacy and phytiatry. Meded LandbHogesch Gent 26(3): 1113-1115.
  • van Netten, C., K. Teschke, V. Leung, Y. Chow and K. Bartlett. 2000. The measurement of volatile constituents in Foray 48B, an insecticide prepared from Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki. Science of the Total Environment 263(1/3): 155-160.
  • Vankova, J. 1982. Stability and effectiveness of a preparation of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis against mosquito larvae in the field. [Stabilitat und Wirksamkeit eines Praparates von Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis gegen Muckenlarven im Freiland.] Anzeiger fur Schadlingskunde Pflanzenschutz Umweltschutz 55(2): 17-19.
  • Voss, C.M. 1983. Helicopter application for gypsy moth in residential communities, pp 92-95. In: T.M. Kaneko and N.B. Akesson (eds.), Pesticide Formulations and Application Systems: Third Symposium. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia , USA .
  • Webb, R.E., R.L. Ridgway, K.W. Thorpe, K.M. Tatman, A.M. Wieber and L. Venables. 1991. Development of a specialized gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) management program for suburban parks. Journal of Economic Entomology 84(4): 1320-1328.
  • Wegner, E. 2000. Freshwater and land arthropods endangered with mosquito control treatments. [Zagrozenia dla stawonogow wodnych i ladowych zwiazane z akcjami zwalczania komarow.] Wiadomosci Entomologiczne 18(S2): 275-283.
  • Williams, M.L., B.J. Sheffer, G.L. Miller and H.J. Hendricks. 1987. Control of fall webworm. Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, Research Report Series 5: 17, 24.
  • Williams, M.L., G.L. Miller and H.J. Hendricks. 1987. The holly looper, a new pest of holly in the southern landscape. Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, Research Report Series 5: 17, 30.
  • Wirth, M.C., A. Delecluse and W.E. Walton. 2004. Laboratory selection for resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. jegathesan or a component toxin, Cry11B, in Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae). Journal of Medical Entomology 41(3): 435-441.
  • Wisniewski, J. 1975. Control of Pharoah’s ant in Zoological Gardens with Bacillus thuringiensis. [Pharaoameisenbekampfung im Zoologischen Garten mit Bacillus thuringiensis.] Angewandte Parasitologie 16(1): 43-49.
  • Yang, Z.R., W. Zhu, S.R. Ge, S.G. Liu and R.T. Hou. 1996. Pathogenicity of a bacterial locusticide to some vertebrates. Chinese Journal of Biological Control 12(3): 114-116.
  • Zahiti, N.S. , T.Y. Su and M.S. Mulla. 2002. Strategies for the management of resistance in mosquitoes to the microbial control agent Bacillus sphaericus. Journal of Medical Entomology 39(3): 513-520.
  • Zhang, M.H., L. Wilhoit and C. Geiger. 2005. Assessing dormant season organophosphate use in California almonds. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 105(1/2): 41-58.

Industry/Popular Articles (Not Reviewed)

  • Brenner, L. 1992. Asian Gypsy Moth update: helicopters spray B.t. while residents’ questions are left unanswered. Journal of Pesticide Reform 12(2): 16.
  • Ginsburg, C. 2006. Aerial spraying of Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki (Btk). Journal of Pesticide Reform 26(2): 13-16.
  • Treakle, K. 1990. The World Bank, DDT purveyor to the Amazon. Garden New York 14(4): 2-4.