{"id":733,"date":"2015-04-24T13:43:44","date_gmt":"2015-04-24T20:43:44","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/puyallup.wsu.edu\/lcs\/?page_id=733"},"modified":"2018-07-16T09:04:13","modified_gmt":"2018-07-16T16:04:13","slug":"reference-polyacrylamide-gels","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/puyallup.wsu.edu\/lcs\/reference-polyacrylamide-gels\/","title":{"rendered":"Literature on Polyacrylamide Gels"},"content":{"rendered":"<br \/>\n<section id=\"builder-section-1429907505719\" class=\"row single gutter pad-top no-bullet hanging highlight-item\">\n<header>\n<h1>Literature on Agricultural, Horticultural, and Medial Uses of Polyacrylamide Gels<\/h1>\n<\/header>\n<div style=\"\" class=\"column one \">\n<p><strong>Compiled by Dr. Linda Chalker-Scott, Ph.D.<\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Associate Professor and Extension Urban Horticulturist, WSU Puyallup Research and Extension Center<\/em><\/p>\n<h2>Cross-linked PAM Hydrogel Effects on Plants<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Abbey<\/strong>, T. and T. Rathier. 2005. Effects of mycorrhizal fungi, biostimulants and water absorbing polymers on the growth and survival of four landscape plant species. <em>Journal of Environmental Horticulture<\/em> 23(2): 108-111.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Al-Humaid<\/strong>, A.I. and A.E. Moftah. 2007. Effects of hydrophilic polymer on the survival of buttonwood seedlings grown under drought stress. <em>Journal of Plant Nutrition<\/em> 30(1-3): 53-66.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Booth<\/strong>, D.T. 2005. Establishing Wyoming big sagebrush seed orchards on reclaimed mined land. <em>Native Plants Journal<\/em> 6(3): 247-253.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Chen<\/strong>, S., M. Zommorodi, E., Fritz, S. Wang and A. Huttermann. 2004. Hydrogel modified uptake of salt ions and calcium in <em>Populus euphratica<\/em> under saline conditions. <em>Trees: Structure and Function<\/em>18(2): 175-183.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Frantz<\/strong>, J.M., J.C. Locke, D.S. Pitchay and C.R. Krause. 2005. Actual performance versus theoretical advantages of polyacrylamide hydrogel throughout bedding plant production. <em>HortScience<\/em> 40(7): 2040-2046.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Gilman<\/strong>, E.F. 2004. Effects of amendments, soil additives, and irrigation on tree survival and growth. J<em>ournal of Arboriculture<\/em> 30(5): 301-310.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Hodges<\/strong>, L., E. Daningsih and J.R. Brandle. 2006. Comparison of an antitranspirant spray, a polyacrylamide gel, and wind protection on early growth of muskmelon. <em>HortScience<\/em> 41(2): 361-366.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Holliman<\/strong>, P.J., J.A. Clark, J.C. Williamson and D.L. Jones. 2005. Model and field studies of the degradation of cross-linked polyacrylamide gels used during the revegetation of slate waste. <em>Science of the Total Environment<\/em> 336(1\/3): 13-24.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Lu<\/strong>, J., X.F. Huang, Z.J. Tang and W.H. Zhan. 2004. Economic feasibility of PAM application in rain-fed agriculture in the loess regions of Northwest China. <em>Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering<\/em>20(2): 97-100.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Lu<\/strong>, X.Q., F.G. Min, J.M. Yang, J. Li and X.J. Chen. 2003. Polyacrylamide made slow-release fertilizer&#8217;s effects on <em>Zea mays<\/em>. <em>Journal of Zhejiang Forestry College<\/em> 20(2): 124-127.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Newhall<\/strong>, R.L., T.A. Monaco, W.H. Horton, R.D. Harrison and R.J. Page. 2004. Rehabilitating salt-desert ecosystems following wildfire and wind erosion. <em>Rangelands<\/em> 26(1): 3-7.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nissen<\/strong>, M.J. and R.K. San-Martin. 2004. Use of polyacrylamides and irrigation on hydric management of lettuce ( <em>Lactuca sativa<\/em> L.). Uso de poliacrilamidas y el riego en el manejo hidrico de lechugas ( <em>Lactuca sativa<\/em> L.). <em>Agro Sur<\/em> 32(2): 1-12.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Rolando<\/strong>, C.A., M. Hitchins and S. Olivier. 2006. Methods to improve late season planting of <em>Pinus patula<\/em>: results up to six months after planting. <em>ICFR Bulletin Series<\/em> (08\/2006): 9 pp.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Rowe<\/strong>, E.C., J.C. Williamson, D.L. Jones, P. Holliman and J.R. Healey. 2005. Initial tree establishment on blocky quarry waste ameliorated with hydrogel or slate processing fines. <em>Journal of Environmental Quality<\/em> 34(3): 994-1003.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Sarvas<\/strong>, M. 2003. Effect of desiccation on the root system of Norway spruce ( <em>Picea abies<\/em> [L.] Karst.) seedlings and a possibility of using hydrogel Stockosorb \u00ae for its protection. <em>Journal of Forest Science<\/em> 49(11): 531-536.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Shao<\/strong>, J., S.L. Chen, R.G. Wang, X.R. Zhang and J. Jiang. 2007. Enhancement of hydrogel on salt resistance of <em>Populus popularis<\/em> &#8217;35-44&#8242; and its mechanism. <em>Journal of Beijing Forestry University<\/em> 29(1): 79-84.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Sojka<\/strong>, R.E., D.W. Morishita, J.A. Foerster and M.J. Wille. 2003. Weed seed transport and weed establishment as affected by polyacrylamide in furrow-irrigated corn. <em>Journal of Soil and Water Conservation<\/em> 58(5): 319-326.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Stamps<\/strong>, R.H. and D.M. McColley. 2005. Effects of soil incorporation of polyacrylamide copolymer on newly planted leatherleaf fern ( <em>Rumohra adiantiformis<\/em> [Forst.] Ching).<em> Proceedings of the Interamerican Society for Tropical Horticulture<\/em> 48: 173-176.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Syvertsen<\/strong>, J.P. and J.M. Dunlop. 2004. Hydrophilic gel amendments to sand soil can increase growth and nitrogen uptake efficiency of citrus seedlings. <em>HortScience<\/em> 39(2): 267-271.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tang<\/strong>, Z.J., T.W. Lei, X.Y. Zhao, Z.G. Pan and N. Li. 2006. Impacts of polyacrylamide application on soil water status of loess and the growth of corn. <em>Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering<\/em>22(4): 216-219.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Viero<\/strong>, P.W.M. and K.M. Little. 2006. A comparison of different planting methods, including hydrogels, and their effect on eucalypt survival and initial growth in South Africa. <em>Southern African Forestry Journal<\/em> 208: 5-13.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Wallace<\/strong>, A., G.A. Wallace and A.M. Abouzamzam. 1986. Effects of excess levels of a polymer as a soil conditioner on yields and mineral nutrition of plants. <em>Soil Science<\/em>141(5): 377-380.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Wang<\/strong>, Y.F., F.G. Han and G.S. Liu. 2004. Effect of polyacrylamide on physiological characteristics, yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco in drought areas. <em>Journal of Henan Agricultural University<\/em>, 38(3): 263-266, 284.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Yonts<\/strong>, C.D. 2006. Sugarbeet response to irrigation method and polymer placed in the seed furrow. <em>Journal of Sugar Beet Researc<\/em>h 43(4): 155-166.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Youssef<\/strong>, E.M.A. 2003. Influence of hydrogels compounds on acclimatization behavior of <em>Acacia melanoxylon<\/em> R. Br. vitroplants. <em>Acta Horticulturae<\/em> 608: 81-84.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Degradation of Polyacrylamide Gels<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ashour<\/strong>, I.A., M.H. Ali, F.A. Hashem and A. Sayed. 2004. Effect of biodegradation of some soil conditioners on soil properties under saline water conditions. <em>Annals of Agricultural Science, Moshtohor<\/em> 42(1): 401-413.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Chang<\/strong>, L.L., D.L. Raudenbush and S.K. Dentel. 2001. Aerobic and anaerobic biodegradability of a flocculant polymer. <em>Water Science and Technology<\/em>44(2-3): 461-468.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Holliman<\/strong>, P.J., J.A. Clark, J.C. Williamson and D.L. Jones. 2005. Model and field studies of the degradation of cross-linked polyacrylamide gels used during the revegetation of slate waste.<em> Science of the Total Environment<\/em> 336(1\/3): 13-24.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Mai<\/strong>, C., W. Schormann, A. Majcherczyk and A. Huttermann. 2004. Degradation of acrylic copolymers by white-rot fungi. <em>Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology<\/em> 65: 479-487.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Matsuoka<\/strong>, H., F. Ishimura, T Takeda and M. Hikuma. 2002. Isolation of polyacrylamide-degrading microorganisms from soil. <em>Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering<\/em> 7(5): 327-330.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Smith<\/strong>, E.A., S.L. Prues and F.W. Oehme. 1996. Environmental degradation of polyacrylamides. 1. Effects of artificial environmental conditions: Temperature, light, and pH. <em>Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety<\/em> 35(2): 121-135.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Sojka<\/strong>, R.E., J.A. Entry and J.J. Fuhrmann. 2006. The influence of high application rates of polyacrylamide on microbial metabolic potential in an agricultural soil. <em>Applied Soil Ecology<\/em> 32(2): 243-252.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Stahl<\/strong>, J.D., M.D. Cameron, J. Haselbach and S.D. Aust. 2000. Biodegradation of superabsorbent polymers in soil. <em>Environmental Science and Pollution Research International<\/em> 7(2): 83-88.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Wolter<\/strong>, M., C.I.D. Wiesche, F. Zadrazil, S. Hey, J. Haselbach and E. Schnug. 2002. Biological degradability of synthetic superabsorbent soil conditioners. <em>Landbauforschung Volkenrode<\/em> 52(1) : 43-52.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Polyacrylamide and Acrylamide Impacts on Human Health and Environmental Safety<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Anonymous<\/strong>. 2002. Acrylamide. European Union Risk Assessment Report 24: 221 pp. Anonymous. 2002. Acrylamide. <em>NICNAS: Priority Existing Chemical Assessment Report<\/em> 23: 174 pp.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Anonymous<\/strong>. 2005. Amended final report on the safety assessment of polyacrylamide and acrylamide residues in cosmetics. <em>International Journal of Toxicology<\/em> 24(S2): 21-50.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Beim<\/strong>, A.A. and A.M. Beim. 1994. Comparative ecological-toxicological data on determination of maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) for several flocculants. <em>Environmental Te<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>chnology<\/em> 15(2): 195-198.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Cihak<\/strong>, R. and M. Vontorkova. 1988. Cytogenetic effects of acrylamide in the bone marrow of mice. <em>Mutation Research<\/em>209(1-2): 91-94.<\/li>\n<li><strong>de Rosemond<\/strong>, S.J.C. and K. Liber. 2004. Wastewater treatment polymers identified as the toxic component of a diamond mine effluent. <em>Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry<\/em> 23(9): 2234-2242.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Fraire<\/strong>, A.E., I. Shahab, S.D. Greenberg, A. Jubran and M. Noall. 1992. Experimental polyacrylamide-induced acute injury in rat lung. <em>Chest<\/em> 102(5): 1591-1594.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Friedman<\/strong>, M. 2003. Chemistry, biochemistry, and safety of acrylamide: A review. <em>Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry<\/em> 51(16): 4504-4526.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Hasegawa<\/strong>, R., K. Naitoh, Y. Kawasaki, Y. Aida, J. Momma, M. Saitoh, Y. Nakaji and Y. Kurokawa. 1990. Acute and subacute toxicity studies on 2,3-dichloropropionic acid and chlorinated polyacrylamide in rats. <em>Water Research<\/em>24(5): 661-666.<\/li>\n<li><strong>King<\/strong>, D.J. and R.R. Noss. 1989. Toxicity of polyacrylamide and acrylamide monomer. <em>Reviews on Environmental Health<\/em> 8(1-4): 3-16.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Park<\/strong>, J.J., L.M. Kamendulis, M.A. Friedman and J.E. Klaunig. 2002. Acrylamide-induced cellular transformation. <em>Toxicological Sciences<\/em> 65(2): 177-183.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Schneider<\/strong>, R.J., R.L. Lightle, R.G. Reddy, A. Rehemtulla, B.D. Ross, R. Kopelman and M.A. Philbert. 2003. Acute toxicity of polyacrylamide and sol-gel nanoparticles in rats. <em>Toxicological Sciences<\/em>72(S1): 304.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Skelly<\/strong>, N.E. and E.R. Husser. 1978. Determination of acrylamide monomer in polyacrylamide and in environmental samples by high performance liquid chromatography. <em>Analytical Chemistry<\/em>50(14): 1959-1962.<\/li>\n<li><strong>van Landingham<\/strong>, C.B., G.A. Lawrence and A.M. Shipp. 2004. Estimates of lifetime-absorbed daily doses from the use of personal-care products containing polyacrylamide: A Monte Carlo analysis. <em>Risk Analysis<\/em> 24(3): 603-619.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Wallace<\/strong>, A., G.A. Wallace and A.M. Abouzamzam. 1986. Effects of excess levels of a polymer as a soil conditioner on yields and mineral nutrition of plants. <em>Soil Science<\/em> 141(5): 377-380.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Xi<\/strong>, T.F., C.X. Fan, X.M. Feng, Z.Y. Wan, C.R. Wang and L.L. Chou. 2006. Cytotoxicity and altered c-myc gene expression by medical polyacrylamide hydrogel. <em>Journal of Biomedical Materials Research A.<\/em> 78(2): 283-290.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Alternatives to PAM Hydrogels<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Emesih<\/strong>, G.C., R.G. Moreira and M.A. Barrufet. 1999. Evaluation of modified starches for improved oil recovery. <em>Applied Engineering in Agriculture<\/em>15(3): 237-242.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Lazaro<\/strong>, N., A.L. Sevilla, S. Morales and A.M. Marques. 2003. Heavy metal biosorption by gellan gum gel beads. <em>Water Research<\/em>37(9): 2118-2126.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Li<\/strong>, J.F., Z.Q. Song and H. Gao. 2006. Performance of sulfonated amino-formaldehyde resins on improving structure of aeolian sandy soil. <em>Chemistry and Industry of Forest Products<\/em> 26(3): 17-22.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Sojka<\/strong>, R.E. J.A. Entry, W.J. Orts, D.W. Morishita, C.W. Ross and D.J. Horne. 2005. Synthetic- and bio-polymer use for runoff water quality management in irrigated agriculture. <em>Water Science and Technology<\/em> 51(3\/4): 107-115.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Yang<\/strong>, Z.Q., Y.H. Zhang, P. Markland and V.C. Yang. 2002. Poly(glutamic acid) poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels prepared by photoinduced polymerization: Synthesis, characterization, and preliminary release studies of protein drugs. <em>Journal of Biomedical Materials Research<\/em> 62(1): 14-21.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Yoshimura<\/strong>, T., R. Yoshimura, C. Seki and R. Fujioka. 2006. Synthesis and characterization of biodegradable hydrogels based on starch and succinic anhydride. <em>Carbohydrate Polymers<\/em> 64(2): p. 345-349.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>References for Sidebar 1<\/h2>\n<h3>Medical Usage of PAM Hydrogels<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Amin<\/strong>, S.P., E.S. Marmur and D.J. Goldberg. 2004. Complications from injectable polyacrylamide gel, a new nonbiodegradable soft tissue filler. <em>Dermatologic Surgery<\/em> 30(12): 1507-1509.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Breiting<\/strong>, V., A. Aasted, A. Jorgensen, P. Opitz and A. Rosetzsky. 2004. A study on patients treated with polyacrylamide hydrogel injection for facial corrections. <em>Aesthetic Plastic Surgery<\/em> 28(1): 45-53.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Chen<\/strong>, W.H., L. Wang, Y.D. L\u00fc, Z.Y. Diao, Y. Shang, G.Z. Yu, W. Li and J.Y. Han. 2006. The treatment for complications of polyacrylamide hydrogel injection for augmentation mammaplasty by dual-plane breast augmentation. <em>Zhonghua Zheng Xing Wai Ke Za Zhi<\/em> 22(6): 424-426.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Christensen<\/strong>, L. and V. Breiting. 2005. Complications induced by polyacrylamide hydrogel injection.<em> Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 1<\/em>16(4): 1168-1169.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Christensen<\/strong>, L. and V. Breiting. 2006. Management of postoperative complications of breast augmentation by injected polyacrylamide hydrogel. <em>Aesthetic and Plastic Surgery<\/em> 30(1): 132.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Christensen<\/strong>, L., V. Breiting, M. Janssen, J. Vuust and E. Hogdall. 2005. Adverse reactions to injectable soft tissue permanent fillers. <em>Aesthetic and Plastic Surgery<\/em> 29(1): 34-48.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Christensen<\/strong>, L.H., V.B. Breiting, A. Aasted, A. Jorgensen and I. Kebuladze. 2004. Author reply to \u201cEvstatiev, D. 2004. Late complications after injections of hydrogel in the breast. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 113(6): 1878.\u201d <em>Plastic Reconstructive Surgery<\/em> 113(6): 1878-1879.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Christensen<\/strong>, L.H., V.B. Breiting, A. Aasted, A. Jorgensen and I. Kebuladze. 2003. Long-term effects of polyacrylamide hydrogel on human breast tissue.<em> Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery<\/em>111(6): 1883-1890.<\/li>\n<li><strong>de Cassia-Novae<\/strong>s, W. and A. Berg. 2003. Experiences with a new nonbiodegradable hydrogel (Aquamid): a pilot study. <em>Aesthetic Plastic Surgery<\/em>27(5): 376-380.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Eisenbud<\/strong>, D., H. Hunter, L. Kessler and K. Zulkowski. 2003. Hydrogel wound dressings: where do we stand in 2003? <em>Ostomy Wound Management 49<\/em>(10): 52-57.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Evstatiev<\/strong>, D. 2004. Late complications after injections of hydrogel in the breast. <em>Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 1<\/em>13(6): 1878.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Feng<\/strong>, X.L., C.X. Yi, C. Peng, Y.M. Zhang, M. Yang, Y.R. Wang, N.Q. Guo and W.D., Zhou. 2003. Analysis and treatment of complications induced by polyacrylamide hydrogel injection. <em>Zhonghua Zheng Xing Wai Ke Za Zhi<\/em>19(5): 331-333.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Feng<\/strong>, X.L., C.X. Yi, Y.M. Zhang, Y.M. Wang, Y.R. Wang, C. Peng, M. Yang and W.W. Li. 2004. Immunological effects of polyacrylamide hydrogel injection in human body. <em>Zhonghua Zheng Xing Wai Ke Za Zhi<\/em> 20(5): 349-350.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Kang<\/strong>, S.S., Z.W. Zhang, H.Y. Chou and H.F. Zhai. 2003. Complication of polyacrylamide hydrogel injection for facial plasty. <em>Zhonghua Zheng Xing Wai Ke Za Zhi<\/em> 19(5): 325-327.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Kesselring<\/strong> UK. 2006. Comment on: Efficacy and safety of polyacrylamide hydrogel for facial soft-tissue augmentation. <em>Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery<\/em>118(2): 562-563.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Lee<\/strong>, C.J., S.G. Kim, L. Kim, M.S. Choi and S.I. 2004. Unfavorable findings following breast augmentation using injected polyacrylamide hydrogel. <em>Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery<\/em>114(7): 1967-1968.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Leung<\/strong>, K.M., G.P. Yeoh and K.W. Chan. 2007. Breast pathology in complications associated with polyacrylamide hydrogel (PAAG) mammoplasty. <em>Hong Kong Medical Journal<\/em>13(2): 137-140.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Lin<\/strong>, J., Y.L. Qian, Q. Yang, Y.X. Zhang, C. Yang, B. Zhang and C. Zhu. 2007. Clinical analysis of complications of polyacrylamide hydrogel injection for augmentation mammoplasty in 118 cases. <em>Zhonghua Zheng Xing Wai Ke Za Zhi<\/em> 23(2): 101-102.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Liu<\/strong>, Y., Y. Cen, X.W. Xu and W.Q. Duan. 2005. Analysis of complications induced by polyacrylamide hydrogel injection for augumentation mammaplasty. <em>Zhonghua Zheng Xing Wai Ke Za Zhi<\/em>21(6): 464-466.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Lose<\/strong>, G., L. Mouritsen and J.B. Nielsen. 2006. A new bulking agent (polyacrylamide hydrogel) for treating stress urinary incontinence in women. <em>British Journal of Urology Internationa<\/em>l 98(1): 100-104.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Mai<\/strong>, H. 2006. Analysis and treatment of the complications post polyacrylamide hydrogel injection for augmentation mammaplasty. <em>Zhonghua Zheng Xing Wai Ke Za Zhi<\/em> 22(4): 276-278.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Niedzielska<\/strong> I., J. Pajak and J. Drugacz. 2006. Late complications after polyacrylamide hydrogel injection into facial soft tissues. <em>Aesthetic and Plastic Surgery<\/em> 30(3): 377-378.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Qiao<\/strong>, Q., X. Wang, J. Sun, R. Zhao, Z. Liu, Y. Wang, B Sun, Y. Yan and K. Qi. 2005. Management for postoperative complications of breast augmentation by injected polyacrylamide hydrogel. <em>Aesthetic and Plastic Surgery<\/em> 29(3): 156-162.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Shao<\/strong>, J., S.L. Chen, R.G. Wang, X.R. Zhang and J. Jiang. 2007. Enhancement of hydrogel on salt resistance of <em>Populus popularis<\/em> &#8217;35-44&#8242; and its mechanism. <em>Journal of Beijing Forestry University<\/em> 29(1): 79-84.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Sun<\/strong>, B.D., Q. Qiao, Y. Yue, R. Zhao, J.M. Sun and K.M. Qi. 2004. Treatment of the complications of polyacrylamide hydrogel injection for augmentation mammaplasty. <em>Zhonghua Zheng Xing Wai Ke Za Zhi<\/em> 20(3): 200-202.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tang<\/strong>, Q., A.Y. Su, J. Gu, G. Cheng, X.X. Liu and G.Z. Yu. 2006. Removing breast foreign body resulted from augmentation with polyacrylamide hydrogel injection and silicone prosthesis implantation at one stage. <em>Zhonghua Zheng Xing Wai Ke Za Zhi<\/em> 22(3): 183-185.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Thyssen<\/strong>, J.P., L.H. Christensen and C.O. Zachariae. 2007. Cosmetic soft-tissue augmentation treatment. <em>Ugeskr Laeger<\/em> 169(23): 2198-2201.<\/li>\n<li><strong>von Buelow<\/strong>, S. and N. Pallua. 2006. Efficacy and safety of polyacrylamide hydrogel for facial soft-tissue augmentation in a 2-year follow-up: a prospective multicenter study for evaluation of safety and aesthetic results in 101 patients. <em>Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery<\/em>118(3 Supplemental): 85S-91S.<\/li>\n<li><strong>von Buelow<\/strong>, S., D. von Heimburg and N. Pallua. 2005. Efficacy and safety of polyacrylamide hydrogel for facial soft-tissue augmentation. <em>Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery<\/em>116(4): 1137-1148.<\/li>\n<li><strong>von Buelow<\/strong>, S., D. von Heimburg and N. Pallua. 2005. Efficacy and safety of polyacrylamide hydrogel for facial soft-tissue augmentation. <em>Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery<\/em>116(4): 1137-1148.<\/li>\n<li><strong>von Buelow<\/strong>, S., D. von Heimburg and N. Pallua. 2006. Efficacy and safety of polyacrylamide hydrogel for facial soft-tissue augmentation. Comment in: <em>Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery<\/em> 118(2): 562-563.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Wang<\/strong> HY, Jiang YX, Qiao Q. 2007. Ultrasonographic value for the complications of breast augmentation with injectable polyacrylamide hydrogel technique. <em>Zhonghua Zheng Xing Wai Ke Za Zhi<\/em>23(2): 97-100.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Wang<\/strong>, X.C., Q. Qiao, J.M. Sun, R. Zhao, Z.F. Liu, Y. Wang, B.D. Sun, Y.J. Yan and K.M. Qi. 2005. The periareolar approach management of postoperative complications of breast augmentation by injected polyacrylamide hydrogel. <em>Zhonghua Zheng Xing Wai Ke Za Zhi<\/em> 21(5): 332-334.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Xi<\/strong>, T.F., C.X. Fan, X.M. Feng, Z.Y. Wan, C.R. Wang and L.L. Chou. 2006. Cytotoxicity and altered c-myc gene expression by medical polyacrylamide hydrogel. <em>Journal of Biomedical Materials Research<\/em>A. 78(2): 283-290.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Xiaoling<\/strong>, F., C. Yi, Y. Zhang, Y. Wang, W. Li, M. Yang, C. Peng and N. Guo. 2004. Analysis of the complications induced by polyacrylamide hydrogel injection. <em>Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery<\/em> 114(1): 261-262.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Xie<\/strong>, P.B. and A.P Shi. 2002. Application of polyacrylamide hydrogel in augmentation mammoplasty. Di Yi Jun Yi Da Xue Xue Bao 22(7): 648-649.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Yue<\/strong>, Y., Q. Qiao, C.H. Niu, Y.G. Wu, Z.F. Liu, X.Q. Geng and C.H. Yang. 2003. Applications of ultrasound in the treatment of the complications of breast augmentation with polyacrylamide hydrogel injection. <em>Zhonghua Zheng Xing Wai Ke Za Zhi<\/em>19(5): 334-346.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>References for Sidebar 2<\/h2>\n<h3>Soluble Pam Effects on Soil (Erosion Control, Permeability, Chemistry)<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Abu-Zreig<\/strong>, M. 2006. Control of rainfall-induced soil erosion with various types of polyacrylamide. <em>Journal of Soils and Sediment<\/em>s 6(3): 137-144.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ajwa<\/strong>, H.A. and T.J. Trout. 2006. Polyacrylamide and water quality effects on infiltration in sandy loam soils. <em>Soil Science Society of America Journal<\/em> 70(2): 643-650.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ashour<\/strong>, I.A., M.H. Ali, F.A. Hashem and A. Sayed. 2004. 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Phosphorus, nitrogen, carbon, and sediment. <em>Australian Journal of Soil Research<\/em> 44(6): 561-567.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Owczarzak<\/strong>, W., Z. Kaczmarek and J. Szukaa. 2006. The influence of stockosorb hydrogel on selected structure-forming properties of gray-brown podzolic soil and black earth. [Original title: Wpyw hydrozelu stockosorb na wybrane wasciwosci strukturotworcze gleby powej i czarnej ziemi.] <em>Journal of Research and Applications in Agricultural Engineering<\/em>51(3): 55-61.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Partington<\/strong>, M. 2004. The use of polyacrylamide for short-term erosion control. <em>Advantage Forest Engineering Research Institute of Canada FERIC<\/em> 5(33): 2 pp.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Pefferkorn<\/strong>, E. 1999. Polyacrylamide at solid\/liquid interfaces. <em>Journal of Colloid and Interface Science<\/em> 216 (2): 197-220.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Peng<\/strong>, C., F. Li and X.Y. Pan. 2006. 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Polyacrylamide + Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 and polyacrylamide + CaO remove coliform bacteria and nutrients from swine wastewater. <em>Environmental Pollution<\/em>121(3): 453-462.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Entry<\/strong>, J.A., R.E. Sojka, M. Watwood and C. Ross. 2002. Polyacrylamide preparations for protection of water quality threatened by agricultural runoff contaminants. <em>Environmental Pollution<\/em>120(2): 191-200.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Flanagan<\/strong>, D.C. and N.H. Canady. 2006. Use of polyacrylamide in simulated land application of lagoon effluent: Part I. Runoff and sediment loss. <em>Transactions of the ASABE<\/em> 49(5): 1361-1369.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Flanagan<\/strong>, D.C. and N.H. Canady. 2006. Use of polyacrylamide in simulated land application of lagoon effluent: Part II. Nutrient loss. <em>Transactions of the ASABE<\/em>49(5): 1371-1381.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Goodson<\/strong>, C.C., G. Schwartz and C. Amrhein. 2006. Controlling tailwater sediment and phosphorus concentrations with polyacrylamide in the Imperial Valley, California. <em>Journal of Environmental Quality<\/em>35(4): 1072-1077.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Haveroen<\/strong>, M.E., M.D. MacKinnon and P.M. Fedorak. 2005. Polyacrylamide added as a nitrogen source stimulates methanogenesis in consortia from various wastewaters. <em>Water Research Oxford<\/em> 39(14): 3333-3341.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Hernandez<\/strong>, C., L.J. Chacon, L. Anselmi, A. Baldonedo, J. Qi, P.C. Dowling and M.L. Pitts. 2003. ASP system design for an offshore application in La Salina Field, Lake Maracaibo. <em>SPE Reservoir Evaluation and Engineering<\/em> 6(3): 147-156.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Kofinas<\/strong>, P. and D.R. Kioussis. 2003. Reactive phosphorus removal from aquaculture and poultry productions systems using polymeric hydrogels. <em>Environmental Science and Technology<\/em>37(2): 423-427.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Kroening<\/strong>, S.J., L.G. Greenfield and W.M. Williamson. 2004. Variation in and constraints upon the decomposition of woolscour sludge. J<em>ournal of Environmental Qualit<\/em>y 33(3): 1081-1087.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Krumpelman<\/strong>, B.W., T.C. Daniel, F.G. Edwards, R.W. McNew and D.M. Miller. 2005. Optimum coagulant and flocculant concentrations for solids and phosphorus removal from pre-screened flushed dairy manure. <em>Applied Engineering in Agriculture<\/em> 21(1): 127-135.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ma<\/strong>, J., G. Li and N.J.D. Graham. 1994. Efficiency and mechanism of acrylamide removal by permanganate oxidation. <em>Aqua &#8211; Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology<\/em> 43(6): 287-295.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Mason<\/strong>, L.B., C. Amrhein, C.C. Goodson, M.R. Matsumoto and M.A. Anderson. 2005. Reducing sediment and phosphorus in tributary waters with alum and polyacrylamide. <em>Journal of Environmental Quality<\/em> 34(6): 1998-2004.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Moodley<\/strong>, M. and J.C. Hughes. 2006. The effects of a polyacrylamide-derived water treatment residue on the hydraulic conductivity, water retention and evaporation of four contrasting South African soils and implications for land disposal. <em>Water Science and Technology<\/em> 54(5): 227-234.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Peterson<\/strong>, J.R., D.C. Flanagan and K.M. Robinson. 2003. Channel evolution and erosion in PAM-treated and untreated experimental waterways. <em>Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers<\/em> 46(4): 1023-1031.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ren<\/strong>, G.M., D.Z. Sun and J.S. Chunk. 2006. Advanced treatment of oil recovery wastewater from polymer flooding by UV\/H 2 O 2 \/O 3 and fine filtration. <em>Journal of Environmental Sciences<\/em> 18(1): 29-32.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Rico<\/strong>, J.L., H. Garcia, C. Rico and I. Tejero. 2007. Characterisation of solid and liquid fractions of dairy manure with regard to their component distribution and methane production. <em>Bioresource Technology<\/em> 98(5): 971-979.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Rico<\/strong>, J.L., H. Garcia, C. Rico and Perez, N. 2006. Two-factor design for coagulant\/flocculant doses effect for solid-liquid separation of dairy manure. <em>Environmental Technology<\/em> 27(2): 143-151.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Sojka<\/strong>, R.E. J.A. Entry, W.J. Orts, D.W. Morishita, C.W. Ross and D.J. Horne. 2005. Synthetic- and bio-polymer use for runoff water quality management in irrigated agriculture. <em>Water Science and Technology<\/em>51(3\/4): 107-115.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Soupir<\/strong>, M.L., S. Mostaghimi, A. Masters, K.A. Flahive, D.H. Vaughan, A. Mendez and P.W. McClellan. 2004. Effectiveness of polyacrylamide (PAM) in improving runoff water quality from construction sites. <em>Journal of the American Water Resources Association<\/em>40(1): 53-66.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Spackman<\/strong>, R., J.A. Entry, R.E. Sojka and J.W. Ellsworth. 2003. Polyacrylamide for coliform bacteria removal from agricultural wastewater. <em>Journal of Soil and Water Conservation<\/em> 58(5): 276-283.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Szogi<\/strong>, A.A., M.B. Vanotti and P.G. Hunt. 2006. Dewatering of phosphorus extracted from liquid swine waste. <em>Bioresource Technology<\/em> 97(1): 183-190.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Timby<\/strong>, G.G., T.C. Daniel, R.W. McNew and P.A. Moore, Jr. 2004. Polymer type and aluminum chloride affect screened solids and phosphorus removal from liquid dairy manure. <em>Applied Engineering in Agriculture<\/em>20(1): 57-64.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Wong<\/strong>, S.S., T.T. Teng, A.L. Ahmad, a. Zuhairi and G. Najafpour. 2006. Treatment of pulp and paper mill wastewater by polyacrylamide (PAM) in polymer induced flocculation. <em>Journal of Hazardous Materials<\/em> 135(1\/3): 378-388.<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/div>\n<\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p> Literature on Agricultural, Horticultural, and Medial Uses of Polyacrylamide Gels<\/p>\n<p><strong>Compiled by Dr. Linda Chalker-Scott, Ph.D.<\/strong><br \/> <em>Associate Professor and Extension Urban Horticulturist, WSU Puyallup Research and Extension Center<\/em><\/p>\n<p> &#8230; <a href=\"https:\/\/puyallup.wsu.edu\/lcs\/reference-polyacrylamide-gels\/\" class=\"more-link\"><span class=\"more-default\">&raquo; More &#8230;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10881,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"template-builder.php","meta":[],"wsuwp_university_location":[],"wsuwp_university_org":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/puyallup.wsu.edu\/lcs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/733"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/puyallup.wsu.edu\/lcs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/puyallup.wsu.edu\/lcs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/puyallup.wsu.edu\/lcs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/10881"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/puyallup.wsu.edu\/lcs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=733"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/puyallup.wsu.edu\/lcs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/733\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":847,"href":"https:\/\/puyallup.wsu.edu\/lcs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/733\/revisions\/847"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/puyallup.wsu.edu\/lcs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=733"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"wsuwp_university_location","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/puyallup.wsu.edu\/lcs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/wsuwp_university_location?post=733"},{"taxonomy":"wsuwp_university_org","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/puyallup.wsu.edu\/lcs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/wsuwp_university_org?post=733"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}